In computing, the form factor is the specification of a motherboard – the dimensions, power supply type, location of mounting holes, number of ports on the back panel, etc. Specifically, in the IBM PC compatible industry, standard form factors ensure that parts are interchangeable across competing vendors and generations of technology, while in enterprise computing, form factors ensure that server modules fit into existing rackmount systems. Traditionally, the most significant specification is for that of the motherboard, which generally dictates the overall size of the case. Small form factors have been developed and implemented.
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Overview of form factors[edit]
A PC motherboard is the main circuit board within a typical desktop computer, laptop or server. Its main functions are as follows:
- To serve as a central backbone to which all other modular parts such as CPU, RAM, and hard drives can be attached as required to create a computer
- To be interchangeable (in most cases) with different components (in particular CPU and expansion cards) for the purposes of customization and upgrading
- To distribute power to other circuit boards
- To electronically co-ordinate and interface the operation of the components
The PCIe, or PCI Express, bus has four types of expansion slots with varying lengths: x1, x4, x8, and x16. A technician is installing a new high-end video adapter card into an expansion slot on a motherboard. Some examples of thermal expansion and contraction are when: water expand and contract and when the strings of a guitar expand and contract due to the heat caused by the stage lights.
As new generations of components have been developed, the standards of motherboards have changed too. For example, the introduction of AGP and, more recently, PCI Express have influenced motherboard design. However, the standardized size and layout of motherboards have changed much more slowly and are controlled by their own standards. The list of components required on a motherboard changes far more slowly than the components themselves. For example, north bridge microchips have changed many times since their introduction with many manufacturers bringing out their own versions, but in terms of form factor standards, provisions for north bridges have remained fairly static for many years.
Although it is a slower process, form factors do evolve regularly in response to changing demands. IBM's long-standing standard, AT (Advanced Technology), was superseded in 1995 by the current industry standard ATX (Advanced Technology Extended), which still governs the size and design of the motherboard in most modern PCs. The latest update to the ATX standard was released in 2007. A divergent standard by chipset manufacturer VIA called EPIA (also known as ITX, and not to be confused with EPIC) is based upon smaller form factors and its own standards.
Differences between form factors are most apparent in terms of their intended market sector, and involve variations in size, design compromises and typical features. Most modern computers have very similar requirements, so form factor differences tend to be based upon subsets and supersets of these. For example, a desktop computer may require more sockets for maximum flexibility and many optional connectors and other features on board, whereas a computer to be used in a multimedia system may need to be optimized for heat and size, with additional plug-in cards being less common. The smallest motherboards may sacrifice CPU flexibility in favor of a fixed manufacturer's choice.
Comparisons[edit]
Tabular information[edit]
| Form factor | Originated | Max. size[info 1] width × depth | Notes (typical usage, Market adoption, etc.) |
|---|---|---|---|
| XT | IBM 1983 | 8.5 × 11 in 216 × 279 mm | Obsolete, see Industry Standard Architecture. The IBM Personal Computer XT was the successor to the original IBM PC, its first home computer. As the specifications were open, many clone motherboards were produced and it became a de facto standard. |
| AT (Advanced Technology) | IBM 1984 | 12 × 11–13 in 305 × 279–330 mm | Obsolete, see Industry Standard Architecture. Created by IBM for the IBM Personal Computer/AT, an Intel 80286 machine. Also known as Full AT, it was popular during the era of the Intel 80386 microprocessor. Superseded by ATX. |
| Baby-AT | IBM 1985 | 8.5 × 10–13 in 216 × 254–330 mm | IBM's 1985 successor to the AT motherboard. Functionally equivalent to the AT, it became popular due to its significantly smaller size. |
| ATX | Intel 1995 | 12 × 9.6 in 305 × 244 mm | Created by Intel in 1995. As of 2017, it is the most popular form factor for commodity motherboards. Typical size is 9.6 × 12 in although some companies extend that to 10 × 12 in. |
| SSI CEB | SSI | 12 × 10.5 in 305 × 267 mm | Created by the Server System Infrastructure (SSI) forum. Derived from the EEB and ATX specifications. This means that SSI CEB motherboards have the same mounting holes and the same IO connector area as ATX motherboards. |
| SSI EEB | SSI | 12 × 13 in 305 × 330 mm | Created by the Server System Infrastructure (SSI) forum. Derived from the EEB and ATX specifications. This means that SSI CEB motherboards have the same mounting holes and the same IO connector area as ATX motherboards, but SSI EEB motherboards do not. |
| SSI MEB | SSI | 16.2 × 13 in 411 × 330 mm | Created by the Server System Infrastructure (SSI) forum. Derived from the EEB and ATX specifications. |
| microATX | 1996 | 9.6 × 9.6 in 244 × 244 mm | A smaller variant of the ATX form factor (about 25% shorter). Compatible with most ATX cases, but has fewer slots than ATX, for a smaller power supply unit. Very popular for desktop and small form factor computers as of 2017. |
| Mini-ATX | AOpen 2005 | 5.9 × 5.9 in 150 × 150 mm | Mini-ATX is considerably smaller than Micro-ATX. Mini-ATX motherboards were designed with MoDT (Mobile on Desktop Technology) which adapt mobile CPUs for lower power requirement, less heat generation and better application capability. |
| FlexATX | Intel 1999 | 9.0 × 7.5 in 228.6 × 190.5 mm max. | A subset of microATX developed by Intel in 1999. Allows more flexible motherboard design, component positioning and shape. Can be smaller than regular microATX. |
| Mini-ITX | VIA 2001 | 6.7 × 6.7 in 170 × 170 mm max. | A small, highly integrated form factor, designed for small devices such as thin clients and set-top boxes. |
| Nano-ITX | VIA 2003 | 4.7 × 4.7 in 120 × 120 mm | Targeted at smart digital entertainment devices such as PVRs, set-top boxes, media centers and Car PCs, and thin devices. |
| Pico-ITX | VIA 2007 | 3.9 × 2.8 in 100 × 72 mm max. | |
| Mobile-ITX | VIA 2007 | 2.953 × 1.772 in 75 × 45 mm | |
| Neo-ITX | VIA 2012 | 170 × 85 × 35 mm | Used in the VIA Android PC |
| Mini-STX | Intel 2015 | 147 x 140 mm | Smaller than Mini-ITX, but bigger than the NUC, this board is used in small form factor computers, using a socketed intel core processor and SO-DIMMS. |
| BTX (Balanced Technology Extended) | Intel 2004 | 12.8 × 10.5 in 325 × 267 mm max. | A standard proposed by Intel as a successor to ATX in the early 2000s, according to Intel the layout has better cooling. BTX Boards are flipped in comparison to ATX Boards, so a BTX or MicroBTX Board needs a BTX case, while an ATX style board fits in an ATX case. The RAM slots and the PCI slots are parallel to each other. Processor is placed closest to the fan. May contain a CNR board. |
| MicroBTX (or uBTX) | Intel 2004 | 10.4 × 10.5 in 264 × 267 mm max. | MicroBTX (also called uBTX) is a computer motherboard form factor. A microBTX is 10.4 × 10.5 in (264 × 267 mm) and can support up to four expansion slots. |
| PicoBTX | Intel 2004 | 8.0 × 10.5 in 203 × 267 mm max. | |
| DTX | AMD 2007 | 8.0 × 9.6 in 200 × 244 mm max. | |
| smartModule | Digital-Logic | 66 × 85 mm | Used in embedded systems and single board computers. Requires a baseboard. |
| ETX | Kontron | 95 × 114 mm | Used in embedded systems and single board computers. Requires a baseboard. |
| COM Express Basic | PICMG | 95 × 125 mm | Used in embedded systems and single board computers. Requires a carrier board. Formerly referred to as ETXexpress by Kontron. |
| COM Express Compact | PICMG | 95 × 95 mm | Used in embedded systems and single board computers. Requires a carrier board. Formerly referred to as microETXexpress by Kontron. |
| COM Express Mini | PICMG | 55 × 84 mm | Used in embedded systems and single board computers. Requires a carrier board. Formerly referred to as nanoETXexpress by Kontron. Also known as COM Express Ultra and adheres to pin-outs Type 1 or Type 10[1] |
| CoreExpress | SFF-SIG | 58 × 65 mm | Used in embedded systems and single board computers. Requires a carrier board. |
| Extended ATX (EATX) | Unknown | 12 × 13 in 305 × 330 mm | Used in rackmount server systems. Typically used for server-class type motherboards with dual processors and too much circuitry for a standard ATX motherboard. The mounting hole pattern for the upper portion of the board matches ATX. |
| Enhanced Extended ATX (EEATX) | Supermicro | 13.68 × 13 in 347 × 330 mm | Used in rackmount server systems. Typically used for server-class type motherboards with dual processors and too much circuitry for a standard E.ATX motherboard. |
| LPX | Western Digital | 9 × 11–13 in 229 × 279–330 mm | Based on a design by Western Digital, it allowed smaller cases than the AT standard, by putting the expansion card slots on a Riser card. Used in slimline retail PCs. LPX was never standardized and generally only used by large OEMs. |
| Mini-LPX | Western Digital | 8–9 × 10–11 in 203–229 × 254–279 mm | Used in slimline retail PCs. |
| PC/104 | PC/104 Consortium 1992 | 3.8 × 3.6 in | Used in embedded systems. AT Bus (ISA) architecture adapted to vibration-tolerant header connectors. |
| PC/104-Plus | PC/104 Consortium 1997 | 3.8 × 3.6 in | Used in embedded systems. PCI Bus architecture adapted to vibration-tolerant header connectors. |
| PCI/104-Express | PC/104 Consortium 2008 | 3.8 × 3.6 in | Used in embedded systems. PCI Express architecture adapted to vibration-tolerant header connectors. |
| PCIe/104 | PC/104 Consortium 2008 | 3.8 × 3.6 in | Used in embedded systems. PCI/104-Express without the legacy PCI bus. |
| NLX | Intel 1999 | 8–9 × 10–13.6 in 203–229 × 254–345 mm | A low-profile design released in 1997. It also incorporated a riser for expansion cards,[2] and never became popular. |
| UTX | TQ-Components 2001 | 88 × 108 mm | Used in embedded systems and IPCs. Requires a baseboard. |
| WTX | Intel 1998 | 14 × 16.75 in 355.6 × 425.4 mm | A large design for servers and high-end workstations featuring multiple CPUs and hard drives. |
| SWTX | Supermicro | 16.48 × 13 in 418 × 330 mm | A proprietary design for servers and high-end workstations featuring multiple CPUs. |
| HPTX | EVGA 2008 | 13.6 × 15 in 345.44 × 381 mm | A large design by EVGA currently featured on two motherboards; the eVGA SR2 and SRX. Intended for use with multiple CPUs. Cases require 9 expansion slots to contain this form-factor. |
| XTX | 2005 | 95 × 114 mm | Used in embedded systems. Requires a base. |
- ^For boards which take expansion slots, the length of the expansion card aligns with the depth of the system board. The case may support cards longer than the depth of the mainboard.
Maximum number of expansion card slots[edit]
ATX case compatible:
| Specification | Number |
|---|---|
| HPTX | 9 |
| ATX/EATX/SSI EEB/SSI CEB | 7 |
| MicroATX | 4 |
| FlexATX | 3 |
| DTX/Mini-DTX | 2 |
| Mini-ITX | 1 |
Visual examples of different form factors[edit]
- Different form factors
ATX
(Abit KT7)mini-ITX
(VIA EPIA 5000AG)Pico-ITX
(VIA EPIA PX10000G)
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PC/104 and EBX[edit]
PC/104 is an embedded computer standard which defines both a form factor and computer bus. PC/104 is intended for embedded computing environments. Single board computers built to this form factor are often sold by COTS vendors, which benefits users who want a customized rugged system, without months of design and paper work.
The PC/104 form factor was standardized by the PC/104 Consortium in 1992.[3] An IEEE standard corresponding to PC/104 was drafted as IEEE P996.1, but never ratified.[4]
The 5.75 × 8.0 in Embedded Board eXpandable (EBX) specification, which was derived from Ampro's proprietary Little Board form-factor, resulted from a collaboration between Ampro and Motorola Computer Group.
As compared with PC/104 modules, these larger (but still reasonably embeddable) SBCs tend to have everything of a full PC on them, including application oriented interfaces like audio, analog, or digital I/O in many cases. Also it's much easier to fit Pentium CPUs, whereas it's a tight squeeze (or expensive) to do so on a PC/104 SBC. Typically, EBX SBCs contain: the CPU; upgradeable RAM subassemblies (e.g., DIMM); Flash memory for solid state drive; multiple USB, serial, and parallel ports; onboard expansion via a PC/104 module stack; off-board expansion via ISA and/or PCI buses (from the PC/104 connectors); networking interface (typically Ethernet); and video (typically CRT, LCD, and TV).
Mini PC[edit]
Mini PC is a PC small form factor very close in size to an external CD or DVDdrive. Mini PCs have proven popular for use as HTPCs.
Examples[edit]
- AOpenXC mini
- Gigabyte Brix
- Zotac ZBOX
- Asus Vivopc
See also[edit]
References[edit]
Pc Expansion Slots
- ^'Atom module shrinks to nano size'. Archived from the original on 2012-05-24. Retrieved 2009-12-30.
- ^'Form Factors Rev 1.3 :: NLX' Motherboards.org
- ^'PC/104 Embedded Consortium's History'. Archived from the original on 2008-02-11. Retrieved 2008-01-29.
- ^Angel, Jonathan (2010-02-01). 'Open standard defines tiny expansion modules'. LinuxDevices.com. Retrieved 2014-03-18.
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External links[edit]
Expansion Slots Types
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You can expand your PC internally by adding additional circuitry boards. Those boards, or expansion cards, plug directly into expansion slots on the motherboard (as shown in this figure). So, you can expand your computer system by adding options not included with the basic PC. Here are the types of expansion slots your PC may have:
Expansion Slot Definition
PCI Express: The best type of expansion slot to have in your PC is the PCI Express, also written as PCIe. Without boring you, the PCI Express type of expansion slot communicates with the motherboard, and therefore with the microprocessor, both quickly and efficiently.
PCI: The PCI slot is the most common form of internal expansion for a PC.
Some PCs have a mixture of PCI and PCI Express slots. If so, go with PCI Express when you have that option.
AGP: This type of expansion slot was specifically designed to deal with graphics adapters. In fact, AGP stands for Accelerated Graphics Port. Older PCs may sport this expansion slot, but the best video cards use PCI Express.
ISA: The most ancient type of expansion slot is the ISA, which stands for (get this) Industry Standard Architecture. That’s because it never really had a name until another, better type of expansion slot came along. ISA slots hang around to be compatible with older expansion cards.